This assessment focuses on the safety of the dairy products market in Romania, according to data provided by the National Authority for Consumer Protection (ANPC). The review covers a wide range of dairy products, including milk, cheeses, yoghurts and butter, with the aim of identifying potential risks to public health. The study used ANPC data collected from inspections and quality controls. The National Authority for Consumer Protection (ANPC) is focused on a number of specific areas, especially aiming at the continuation and strengthening of the process of European legislative harmonization, cooperation and regulation, information, education and advice of consumers and traders, control and supervision of market, as well as specific activities in the field of precious metals and stones.

Twenty-four soil samples of 0-15 cm depth were collected from Mesopotamian agricultural plain, located in Kut-Iraq. Multiple methods determined in this study including partial size distribution size analysis, elemental analysis pH, soil electrical conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), organic matter, and Urease. High amount of salt causes the soil samples to be basic soil, pH ranges from 7 to 8, and not able to obtain adequate nutrients. All of soil samples have a dispersive property that means the soil are vulnerable to erosion by rainfall or run off. The high value of Soil electrical conductivity (EC) indicates the lack of microorganisms in soil to enhance soil health and indicate the soil damage in the study area. High Ca content in soil samples reduced K/Ca ratios which in terns impact the presence of K on soil samples. Statistical analysis between soil textures and physico-chemical properties indicate low value of erodibility (k) factor due to high concentrations of Ca. Over all, the soil in the Mesopotamian agricultural plain shows damage in the structure due to human activity and lack of vegetation covers.

The allocation of funds for social enterprise subsidies is a critical mechanism in advancing social entrepreneurship, particularly in countries like Romania, where social enterprises play a significant role in fostering community resilience and economic inclusion. In 2024, Romania continues prioritizing these subsidies, with a growing focus on equitable development across rural and urban regions. However, the dynamics of fund allocation differ considerably between these settings due to varying economic structures, infrastructure, and the capacity of social enterprises to attract and manage funding. This article examines the comparative success rates in fund allocation for social enterprises in rural versus urban areas. The study shows a coordinated effort between EU and national funds to support various development projects in Romania. The analysis highlights the need to address regional and sectoral disparities in fund allocation, better support rural projects, and improve the overall quality of projects to maximize long-term social and economic impact. Investments in the social economy must continue, given their crucial role in reconciling economic, social, and financial dimensions. However, increasing attention to sustainability and equity in resource distribution is essential.

This study consisted of two in - vitro bioassay, in the 1st one four medicinal plants were selected to test nematicidal activity of their aqueous extracts (A.E) against 2nd stage juveniles (Js2) of wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici included: leaves of Mint, Datura, Eminium (Zilikeraba, Kary) and Pomegranate peels. Results revealed that the highest nematode mortality (92.9%) was recorded in the A.E. of Mint leaves, while the lowest (76.7%) in A.E. of Datura leaves regardless, their mixing ratio with distilled water (D.W.). Nematode mortality significantly increased by increasing mixing ratio. and in general the highest nematode mortality (100 %) was recorded by A.E. of Eminium leaves after a week of immersing J2 in its higher mixing ratio (8ml A.E.: 10 ml D.W.) with no significant difference compared to A.E. of mint leaves at its last two mixing ratio (4 ml A.E.: 10 ml D.W. and 8 ml A.E.:10 ml D.W.), whilst the lowest nematode mortality (66.1%) was recorded by the same plant (Eminium) at its lower mixing ratio (1ml A.E. : 10 ml D.W.). In the 2nd in – vitro bioassay Velum prime as nematicide, Albendazole as anthelmintic drug and BM Root Pan as bio- control agent were selected to test their nematicidal acivity against Js2 of A. tritici. Results showed that the highest nematode mortality (46.5%) was recorded by Velum prime with significant difference compared to the other control agents meanwhile, the lowest mortality (31.25%) was reported by BM-Root-Pan regardless their concentrations. In general the highest nematode mortality (78 %) was found when they were immersed in Velum prime at concentration 5ppm with significant difference compared to the other concentrations for the same nematicide and for the other control agents followed by Albendazole drug (62%.) at concentration 3mg whilst, the lowest nematode mortality was recorded by BM - Root – Pan at concentration 0.1x 10⁶.